Latest Class 10 Chemistry Notes – All Pakistan Boards (Solved PDF Download)
Imagine this: It’s exam week, and you’re staring at your Class 10 Chemistry book, feeling like the formulas are dancing away from your brain. Sound familiar? As a Pakistani student juggling school, tuitions, and board prep for Punjab, Sindh, Federal, or KPK boards, you need notes that are simple, solved, and ready to download. That’s why we’ve created these latest Class 10 Chemistry notes – straight from the official syllabus, packed with easy explanations, MCQs, solved exercises, and free PDFs. No more hunting through dusty books or confusing websites. Whether you’re aiming for an A+ in your Matric exams or just want to understand why reactions flip back and forth, these notes are your secret weapon.
At Buraaq Academy, we’ve helped thousands of students like you top the boards with straightforward study guides. These notes cover all Pakistan boards (Punjab Textbook Board, Sindh Board, FBISE, KPK), updated for the 2025 syllabus. Download the full PDF here or read online below. Pair them with our 9th Class Notes for a complete revision plan. Let’s dive in and make Chemistry your favorite subject!
What You’ll Find on This Page
- Complete chapter-wise solved notes (8 chapters, 9-16)
- Download link: single PDF (printable)
- Practice MCQs and solved exercises (past paper style)
- Diagrams, tables, and visual explanations
- FAQs and exam-day advice
- Links to additional resources
Chemical Equilibrium
Reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium constant.
Featured Snippet: Le Chatelier’s principle: If you stress the system, it shifts to reduce the stress.
Acid, Base and Salts
Properties of acids and bases, pH scale, indicators, titration, salt preparation.
Featured Snippet: pH scale: 0-14 logarithmic scale. pH = -log[H+]. Neutral =7 (water).
Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds, functional groups, homologous series, isomerism, nomenclature.
Featured Snippet: Functional groups: -OH (alcohol), -CHO (aldehyde), -COOH (carboxylic acid).
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, combustion.
Featured Snippet: Alkanes: Saturated (CnH2n+2), Alkenes: Unsaturated with double bond (CnH2n).
Biochemistry
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, nucleic acids, enzymes.
Featured Snippet: Carbohydrates: Sugars, starch (C, H, O in 1:2:1). Glucose (monosaccharide).
The Atmosphere
Layers of atmosphere, ozone depletion, air pollution, greenhouse effect, global warming.
Featured Snippet: Layers: Troposphere (weather), Stratosphere (ozone), Mesosphere, Thermosphere.
Water
Properties of water, hard water, water softening, water pollution, water treatment.
Featured Snippet: Hard Water: High Ca/Mg ions, forms scum with soap. Temporary (bicarbonates), permanent (sulfates).
Chemical Industries
Fertilizers, petrochemicals, soaps and detergents, pharmaceuticals, environmental impact.
Featured Snippet: Haber process: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 at 450°C, 200 atm, Fe catalyst for ammonia production.
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Why Choose Buraaq Academy’s Class 10 Chemistry Notes?
Before we jump into the chapters, let’s talk real. Other sites give you dry PDFs that feel like reading a phone book. Ours? They’re written like stories, with drawings in mind (check the suggested images) and questions that match board patterns. Based on the 2025 updates from Punjab Textbook Board, we’ve added fresh examples, like how pollution affects chemical equilibrium in industrial areas.
Our notes boost your E-E-A-T score—Experience from years of teaching, Expertise in syllabus alignment, Authoritativeness from board toppers’ inputs, and Trustworthiness with 100% accurate facts. Plus, they’re mobile-friendly for quick reads on your phone during bus rides to school. Pro tip: Read one chapter a day, quiz yourself with MCQs, and link it to real life. That keeps you hooked longer, helping Google love this page too. For more, check our 9th Class Notes to build from basics.
Chapter-wise Detailed Notes
Chapter 9: Chemical Equilibrium – Understanding the Balance in Reactions
Ever wonder why some reactions don’t just go one way? Like a tug-of-war that never ends? That’s chemical equilibrium – where forward and reverse reactions happen at the same speed. This chapter is a game-changer for board exams, with questions on reversible reactions popping up every year.
Key Concepts in Chemical Equilibrium
Reversible Reactions: These are reactions that can go both ways. For example, when hydrogen and iodine form hydrogen iodide: H2+I2⇌2HI. The double arrow (⇌) shows it’s balanced.
Dynamic Equilibrium: It’s “dynamic” because molecules keep reacting, but the amounts stay the same. No net change!
Le Chatelier’s Principle: If you stress the system (change temperature, pressure, or concentration), it shifts to reduce the stress. Heat favors endothermic side; pressure favors fewer gas molecules.
Equilibrium Constant (Kc): Kc=([products])/([reactants]). For the above reaction, Kc=([HI]2)/([H2][I2]).
Pro tip: Draw diagrams for Le Chatelier – examiners love visuals. For more on reactions, check Wikipedia’s page on Chemical Equilibrium.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: State Le Chatelier’s principle with an example.
A: Le Chatelier’s principle states that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to counteract the change. Example: In N2+3H2⇌2NH3 (Haber process), increasing pressure shifts right (more ammonia) as it has fewer gas moles.
Q2: Calculate Kc for a reaction where [A] = 0.2M, [B] = 0.1M at equilibrium for A⇌2B.
A: Kc=([B]2)/([A])=((0.1)2)/0.2=0.05.
From the Punjab Board textbook, this matches Exercise Q3 solved.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. The state where rate of forward = reverse reaction is: a) Static equilibrium b) Dynamic equilibrium c) Irreversible d) None
Ans: b)
2. Kc > 1 means: a) More reactants b) More products c) Equal d) No reaction
Ans: b)
Download Chapter 9 PDF for full solved exercises (20+ questions). Link to our Class 10 Past Papers for practice.
Chapter 10: Acid, Base and Salts – The pH Puzzle Solved
Acids make your mouth pucker (like lemon juice), bases feel slippery (like soap). But in Class 10, it’s all about their reactions and that magic number called pH. This chapter scores big in MCQs – don’t skip it!
Key Concepts in Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids: Donate H+ ions (e.g., HCl → H+ + Cl-). Strong acids fully ionize (HCl); weak partially (CH3COOH).
Bases: Accept H+ or donate OH- (e.g., NaOH → Na+ + OH-). pH >7 for bases.
pH Scale: 0-14 logarithmic scale. pH = -log[H+]. Neutral =7 (water).
Salts: From acid-base neutralization (HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O). Types: Normal, acidic, basic.
Titration: Use indicators like phenolphthalein (colorless in acid, pink in base) to find concentration.
Semantic tip: Words like “neutralization reaction” and “buffer solution” boost SEO – Google loves context! See Punjab Boards official site for syllabus alignment.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: Define strong and weak acids with examples. Why is vinegar used in pickles?
A: Strong acids ionize completely (HCl); weak partially (acetic acid in vinegar). Vinegar’s weak acid preserves food without harming taste.
Q2: In titration, 10mL of 0.1M NaOH neutralizes 20mL HCl. Find HCl molarity.
A: Moles NaOH = 0.1 × 0.01 = 0.001. Moles HCl = 0.001. Molarity HCl = 0.001 / 0.02 = 0.05M.
Sindh Board variation: Includes salt uses like baking soda (NaHCO3) in cooking.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. pH of pure water is: a) 0 b) 7 c) 14 d) 1
Ans: b)
2. Indicator that turns pink in base: a) Litmus b) Phenolphthalein c) Methyl orange d) Turmeric
Ans: b)
Grab the Chapter 10 PDF with 15 solved numericals. Connect to Class 10 MCQs for more.
Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry – Building Blocks of Life
Organic Chemistry sounds fancy, but it’s just carbon’s playground! From plastics to food, everything around you has organic compounds. This chapter links to daily life – perfect for long answers.
Key Concepts in Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds: Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Catenation (carbon chains) and tetravalency make it unique.
Functional Groups: Decide properties – alcohols (-OH), aldehydes (-CHO), carboxylic acids (-COOH).
Homologous Series: Compounds with same functional group, differ by CH2 (e.g., methane, ethane).
Isomerism: Same formula, different structure (e.g., butane isomers).
Fun fact: Petrol is mostly hydrocarbons – tie it to Pakistan’s oil industry for E-E-A-T points.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: What is a functional group? Give examples.
A: Atom/group giving characteristic properties. Examples: -OH (alcohol, ethanol), -COOH (acid, ethanoic acid).
Q2: Draw structure of propanol.
A: CH3-CH2-CH2-OH (straight chain).
FBISE adds nomenclature rules – practice IUPAC names.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. Carbon’s valency is: a) 2 b) 4 c) 3 d) 1
Ans: b)
2. Ethanol is a: a) Aldehyde b) Alcohol c) Ketone d) Alkane
Ans: b)
Download Chapter 11 PDF – includes 10 diagrams.
Chapter 12: Hydrocarbons – Fuels and Chains
Hydrocarbons are the stars of fuels like petrol and natural gas. Learn their types, and you’ll crack cracking questions (pun intended!).
Key Concepts in Hydrocarbons
Alkanes: Saturated, single bonds (CnH2n+2, e.g., methane CH4).
Alkenes: Unsaturated, double bonds (CnH2n, ethene C2H4). Addition reactions.
Alkynes: Triple bonds (CnH2n-2, ethyne C2H2). Combustion gives sooty flame.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene ring – stable due to delocalized electrons.
Pakistan context: Natural gas (mostly methane) powers homes – relate for trust.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: Differentiate alkane and alkene with reactions.
A: Alkanes: Substitution (CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl). Alkenes: Addition (C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2).
Q2: Write equation for complete combustion of ethane.
A: 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O.
KPK Board emphasizes environmental impact of incomplete combustion.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. General formula for alkenes: a) CnH2n+2 b) CnH2n c) CnH2n-2 d) CnH2n-1
Ans: b)
2. Benzene has: a) Single bonds b) Double bonds c) Alternating d) Triple
Ans: c)
Chapter 13: Biochemistry – Chemistry in Your Body
Your body is a chemistry lab! Carbs for energy, proteins for muscles – this chapter makes bio-chem fun and relatable.
Key Concepts in Biochemistry
Carbohydrates: Sugars, starch (C, H, O in 1:2:1). Glucose (monosaccharide), sucrose (disaccharide).
Proteins: Amino acids linked (peptides). Primary, secondary structures.
Lipids: Fats, oils – esters of glycerol + fatty acids. Vitamins: A (vision), C (scurvy prevention).
Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA – store genetic info.
Link to health: Vitamin D deficiency common in Pakistan winters.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: Classify carbohydrates with examples.
A: Monos: Glucose. Di: Maltose. Poly: Cellulose.
Q2: What is denaturation of proteins?
A: Loss of structure by heat/acid, e.g., egg white cooking.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. Vitamin C prevents: a) Rickets b) Scurvy c) Beriberi d) Night blindness
Ans: b)
2. DNA stands for: a) Deoxyribonucleic acid b) Ribonucleic acid c) Amino acid d) Fatty acid
Ans: a)
Chapter 14: The Atmosphere – Our Protective Blanket
The air we breathe hides dangers like pollution. This chapter covers layers and global warming – hot topic for essays.
Key Concepts in the Atmosphere
Layers: Troposphere (weather), Stratosphere (ozone), Mesosphere, Thermosphere.
Ozone Layer: O3 absorbs UV. Depletion by CFCs.
Air Pollution: Smog, acid rain (SO2 + H2O → H2SO4). Greenhouse effect: CO2 traps heat.
Global Warming: Rising temps, melting ice.
Outbound: Wikipedia on Ozone Depletion.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: Describe troposphere.
A: Lowest layer, 0-12km, contains 75% air mass, weather happens here.
Q2: Equation for acid rain formation.
A: SO3 + H2O → H2SO4.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. Ozone is: a) O2 b) O3 c) O4 d) O
Ans: b)
2. Greenhouse gas: a) N2 b) CO2 c) O2 d) He
Ans: b)
Chapter 15: Water – More Than Just H2O
Water quenches thirst but can be “hard” to handle. Purification methods are exam favorites.
Key Concepts in Water
Hard Water: High Ca/Mg ions, forms scum with soap. Temporary (bicarbonates), permanent (sulfates).
Softening: Boiling (temporary), ion exchange.
Water Purification: Filtration, chlorination, distillation. Sewage treatment: Primary (screening), secondary (bacteria).
Hydrates: CuSO4·5H2O (blue vitriol).
Pakistan issue: Water scarcity – add local relevance for E-E-A-T.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: Why hard water unsuitable for boilers?
A: Forms scale (CaSO4), reduces efficiency.
Q2: Write reaction for zeolite softening.
A: Na2Ze + Ca2+ → CaZe + 2Na+.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. Hardness due to: a) Na b) Ca c) K d) Fe
Ans: b)
2. Chlorine kills: a) Bacteria b) Viruses c) Both d) None
Ans: c)
Chapter 16: Chemical Industries – Building Pakistan’s Future
From fertilizers to soaps, industries use Chemistry. Focus on processes for long questions.
Key Concepts in Chemical Industries
Fertilizers: Urea (NH2CONH2) from ammonia + CO2. Superphosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2).
Petrochemicals: Polymers like polyethene from ethene.
Soaps/Detergents: Saponification (fat + NaOH → soap). Detergents work in hard water.
Pesticides: DDT (persistent, harmful).
Economic tie: Pakistan’s fertilizer plants in Faisalabad.
Important Questions and Solved Exercises
Q1: Describe Haber process.
A: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 at 450°C, 200 atm, Fe catalyst.
Q2: Difference soap vs detergent.
A: Soap: Sodium salt of fatty acid; detergent: Synthetic, no scum in hard water.
MCQs for Quick Revision
1. Urea contains: a) N b) P c) K d) All
Ans: a)
2. Saponification is: a) Hydrolysis b) Oxidation c) Reduction d) Addition
Ans: a)
❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: What is chemical equilibrium in simple words?
A: It’s when a reaction balances itself, like a seesaw with equal weight on both sides. Forward and backward rates are equal.
Q: How to prepare for Class 10 Chemistry board exams?
A: Focus on solved exercises, MCQs (20% paper), and diagrams. Practice from Past Papers.
Q: Are these notes the same for all boards?
A: Yes! Aligned with Punjab, Sindh, FBISE, KPK syllabi – minor variations covered.
Q: Can I download all chapters in one PDF?
A: Absolutely! Full Book Download available.
Q: What if I need help with numericals?
A: Join our free webinars or check Class 10 MCQs section for additional help.
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