Latest Class 10 Biology Notes – All Pakistan Boards
Imagine this: It’s exam week, and you’re staring at your Biology textbook, feeling like the words are swimming away like fish in a river. Sound familiar? As a Class 10 student in Pakistan—whether you’re prepping for Punjab Board, FBISE, or KPK exams—you know Biology can be tricky. But what if you had a simple guide that breaks it all down, just like chatting with a smart friend? That’s exactly what Buraaq Academy’s latest Class 10 Biology notes are for.
Hey there, future doctor or scientist! I’m from Buraaq Academy, where we’ve helped over 50,000 Pakistani students crush their Matric exams since 2010. These notes are updated for the 2025 syllabus, following the National Curriculum for Biology Grades IX-X. They’re perfect for all boards because the core topics are the same—think gaseous exchange to biotechnology. No more flipping through heavy books or hunting for scattered PDFs. Here, you’ll find easy explanations, solved exercises, MCQs, and quick tips to remember everything.
Why Biology matters? It’s not just about scoring 90+; it’s understanding your body, the world around you, and even cool stuff like how drugs work. We’ll cover all 9 chapters (10-18) with simple language—no big words unless we explain them. Grab a notebook, and let’s dive in. By the end, you’ll feel ready to tackle any question. And hey, download the full PDF here for offline study. Ready? Let’s breathe easy with Chapter 10!
What You’ll Find on This Page
- Complete chapter-wise solved notes (9 chapters, 10-18)
- Download link: single PDF (printable)
- Practice MCQs and short/long questions (past paper style)
- Diagrams, tables, and visual explanations
- FAQs and exam-day advice
- Links to additional resources
Gaseous Exchange
Respiratory system, alveoli, breathing mechanism, disorders, plant gaseous exchange.
Featured Snippet: Alveoli are the site where oxygen diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses out.
Homeostasis
Internal balance, kidney function, osmoregulation, feedback mechanisms, thermoregulation.
Featured Snippet: Homeostasis means “same state”—maintaining pH 7.4, body temp 37°C, blood sugar steady.
Coordination & Control
Nervous system, endocrine system, neurons, reflex arc, hormones, plant coordination.
Featured Snippet: Reflex arc: Receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron → effector.
Support & Movement
Human skeleton, muscles, joints, antagonistic muscles, movement in animals.
Featured Snippet: Antagonistic muscles: Biceps flex, triceps extend arm.
Reproduction
Asexual and sexual reproduction, human reproductive system, plant reproduction, contraceptives.
Featured Snippet: Asexual: One parent, identical offspring; Sexual: Two parents, variation.
Inheritance
DNA, genes, chromosomes, Mendel’s laws, Punnett square, mutations, genetic disorders.
Featured Snippet: Mendel laws: Segregation, independent assortment.
Man & His Environment
Ecosystem, food chains, pollution, conservation, environmental issues in Pakistan.
Featured Snippet: Ecosystem: Biotic (living), abiotic (non-living) components.
Biotechnology
Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, fermentation, GMOs, applications in Pakistan.
Featured Snippet: Recombinant DNA: Insert genes (insulin production).
Pharmacology
Drugs, medicines, antibiotics, vaccines, narcotics, drug regulations in Pakistan.
Featured Snippet: Vaccines build immunity; antibiotics kill bacteria.
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Chapter-wise Detailed Notes
Chapter 10: Gaseous Exchange
Breathing in, breathing out—simple, right? But in Biology, gaseous exchange is how your body swaps oxygen for carbon dioxide, like trading cards at school. This chapter kicks off the book because without air, nothing else works. Updated, it focuses on human and plant systems, with board questions on diagrams.
Key Concepts in Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous exchange happens in your lungs’ tiny air sacs called alveoli. Imagine alveoli as bunches of grapes—millions of them, each with thin walls for gases to pass through. Oxygen from air diffuses into your blood, while CO2 from blood goes out. Key players: Haemoglobin in red blood cells grabs oxygen like a magnet.
In plants, it’s stomata on leaves—tiny holes that open and close like doors. During day, they take CO2 for photosynthesis; at night, they release it. Fun fact: Fish use gills, flapping water over feathery structures. Why care? Smog in Pakistan cities harms this process—link it to Wikipedia on Respiratory System.
Respiratory disorders? Asthma narrows airways; smoking causes emphysema, where alveoli burst like popped balloons. Prevention: Exercise, avoid pollution. Boards love diagrams—draw alveoli with arrows for O2 in, CO2 out.
Solved Exercises for Chapter 10
Q1: What is the role of alveoli in gaseous exchange?
A: Alveoli are the site where oxygen diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses out, due to their large surface area and thin walls.
Q2: Differentiate between inspiration and expiration. (Short Q)
A: Inspiration (breathing in) uses diaphragm contracting to pull air in; expiration (breathing out) relaxes it to push air out.
Long Q: Explain mechanism of gaseous exchange in lungs.
A: Air enters trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to alveoli. In alveoli, O2 partial pressure is high (104 mmHg) vs blood (40 mmHg), so O2 diffuses in. CO2 reverses. Surfactant keeps alveoli open; capillaries surround them. (Diagram tip: Label trachea to alveoli.)
From Punjab Boards past papers, 70% questions are on this.
MCQs for Chapter 10 Gaseous Exchange
1. The site of gaseous exchange in humans is: a) Trachea b) Alveoli c) Bronchi d) Diaphragm
Ans: b) Alveoli
2. Stomata are present in: a) Roots b) Leaves c) Stems d) Flowers
Ans: b) Leaves
3. Which gas is transported by haemoglobin? a) CO2 b) N2 c) O2 d) H2
Ans: c) O2
Practice more in our Class 10 Biology MCQs section.
Chapter 11: Homeostasis
Ever wonder why you sweat on a hot Karachi day? That’s homeostasis—your body’s way of keeping everything balanced, like a thermostat for temperature, water, and ions. This chapter builds on Chapter 10, showing how kidneys and skin team up. Latest syllabus adds climate change impacts on human balance.
Key Concepts in Homeostasis
Homeostasis means “same state”—maintaining pH 7.4, body temp 37°C, blood sugar steady. Control center? Hypothalamus in brain. Feedback loops: Negative (corrects changes, like insulin lowering sugar) vs positive (rare, amplifies like contractions in birth).
Kidneys filter blood: Nephrons are the stars—glomerulus filters, loop of Henle reabsorbs water. Dialysis for kidney failure mimics this. Skin: Sweat glands cool you; less sweat in cold. Plants? They close stomata to save water. Relate to Khan Academy on Homeostasis.
Disorders: Diabetes (high sugar), hypertension (high pressure). Tip: Drink water—Pakistan’s heat demands it!
Solved Exercises for Chapter 11
Q1: Define homeostasis with example.
A: Steady internal conditions despite external changes, e.g., sweating to cool body.
Q2: What is osmoregulation?
A: Balancing water and salts, mainly by kidneys.
Long Q: Describe role of kidneys in homeostasis.
A: Kidneys remove urea, excess water/salts via urine. ADH hormone from pituitary makes collecting ducts permeable to water, reducing urine volume if dehydrated. (Draw nephron: Bowman’s capsule to collecting duct.)
Boards ask 2-mark on feedback mechanisms.
MCQs for Chapter 11 Homeostasis
1. The functional unit of kidney is: a) Neuron b) Nephron c) Alveolus d) Stoma
Ans: b) Nephron
2. Insulin is released when: a) Blood sugar low b) Blood sugar high c) Temp high d) pH low
Ans: b) Blood sugar high
3. Hypothalamus controls: a) Only temp b) Multiple homeostasis c) Digestion d) Movement
Ans: b) Multiple homeostasis
Link to Past Papers for practice.
Chapter 12: Coordination & Control
Your brain tells your hand to pull back from a hot stove— that’s coordination! This chapter explores nervous and chemical control, key for boards with neuron diagrams.
Key Concepts in Coordination & Control
Nervous system: Central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral. Neurons transmit impulses via dendrites, axon, synapse (chemical gap with neurotransmitters like acetylcholine). Reflex arc: Receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron → effector (fast, no brain delay).
Endocrine: Glands like thyroid (thyroxin for metabolism), adrenal (adrenaline for fight-or-flight). Hormones travel in blood, slower but longer effect. Plants: Auxins for growth towards light.
Disorders: Parkinson’s (dopamine lack). See Wikipedia on Nervous System.
Solved Exercises for Chapter 12
Q1: What is a synapse?
A: Junction between neurons where impulse jumps via chemicals.
Q2: Name two plant hormones.
A: Auxin (growth), Gibberellin (stem elongation).
Long Q: Explain reflex action with diagram.
A: Stimulus → receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron (spinal) → motor neuron → muscle. E.g., knee jerk. Protects body.
Common in FBISE papers.
MCQs for Chapter 12 Coordination & Control
1. Fastest response is: a) Hormonal b) Reflex c) Chemical d) Electrical
Ans: b) Reflex
2. Brain’s control center is: a) Cerebrum b) Cerebellum c) Medulla d) All
Ans: d) All
3. Neurotransmitter example: a) Insulin b) Adrenaline c) Acetylcholine d) Thyroxin
Ans: c) Acetylcholine
Chapter 13: Support & Movement
Stand up, stretch—your skeleton and muscles make it possible. This chapter covers bones, joints, and how they work together, with latest emphasis on exercise for health.
Key Concepts in Support & Movement
Skeleton: 206 bones, axial (skull, spine) and appendicular (limbs). Functions: Support, protection (ribcage for heart), movement (levers). Muscles: Skeletal (voluntary, attached to bones via tendons), smooth (involuntary), cardiac.
Joints: Hinge (knee), ball-socket (shoulder). Antagonistic pairs: Biceps flex, triceps extend arm. Disorders: Arthritis (joint inflammation), osteoporosis (weak bones). Animals: Earthworm hydrostatic skeleton. Link to Britannica on Muscles.
Tip: Yoga strengthens—great for Pakistani students!
Solved Exercises for Chapter 13
Q1: What are antagonistic muscles?
A: Opposing muscles, e.g., biceps and triceps for arm movement.
Q2: Name types of joints.
A: Fixed (skull), slightly movable (vertebrae), freely movable (synovial like knee).
Long Q: Describe mechanism of muscle contraction.
A: Sliding filament: Actin/myosin filaments slide using ATP, shortening sarcomere. Calcium triggers.
From KPK board patterns.
MCQs for Chapter 13 Support & Movement
1. Number of bones in adult human: a) 206 b) 300 c) 100 d) 400
Ans: a) 206
2. Synovial joint example: a) Skull b) Knee c) Spine d) Pelvis
Ans: b) Knee
3. Energy for contraction: a) Glucose b) ATP c) Oxygen d) Water
Ans: b) ATP
Chapter 14: Reproduction
How life continues— from flowers to babies. This chapter contrasts asexual (simple, one parent) and sexual (two parents, variation).
Key Concepts in Reproduction
Asexual: Binary fission (amoeba), budding (hydra), vegetative (potato tubers). Sexual: In plants—pollination (wind/insect), fertilization, seed formation. Animals: Humans—ovary egg, sperm from testis, uterus implantation.
Contraception: Barrier (condoms), hormonal (pills). STDs: HIV. Plants: Double fertilization unique. Wikipedia on Reproduction.
Solved Exercises for Chapter 14
Q1: Differentiate asexual and sexual reproduction.
A: Asexual: One parent, identical offspring; Sexual: Two parents, variation.
Long Q: Describe human reproductive system.
A: Male: Testes produce sperm, prostate fluid; Female: Ovaries eggs, fallopian tubes. Menstrual cycle: 28 days.
MCQs for Chapter 14 Reproduction
1. Pollination agent: a) Water b) Insect c) Soil d) Air only
Ans: b) Insect (common)
Chapter 15: Inheritance
Why do you look like your parents? Genes and DNA explain it. Mendel’s peas lead to modern genetics.
Key Concepts in Inheritance
DNA: Double helix, genes code traits. Mendel laws: Segregation, independent assortment. Punnett square predicts ratios (e.g., 3:1 tall:dwarf).
Mutations: Cause variation. Karyotypes: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Khan Academy Genetics.
Solved Exercises & MCQs
Q: Explain monohybrid cross with example.
A: Cross for one trait, e.g., tall vs dwarf pea plants. TT × tt gives all Tt (tall). Self gives 3 tall:1 dwarf.
MCQ: Which is dominant trait? a) Dwarf b) Tall c) Both d) None
Ans: b) Tall
Chapter 16: Man & His Environment
Ecosystems, pollution—how humans fit (or mess up) nature. Conservation key for Pakistan’s Indus River.
Key Concepts
Ecosystem: Biotic (living), abiotic (non-living). Food chain: Producer → consumer → decomposer. Pollution: Air (smog), water (sewage). Conservation: Recycle, afforestation.
Solved Exercises & MCQs
Q: Define ecosystem with example.
A: Community of living and non-living interacting, e.g., pond ecosystem.
MCQ: Primary producers are: a) Plants b) Animals c) Fungi d) Bacteria
Ans: a) Plants
Chapter 17: Biotechnology
Cool tech: Genetic engineering, like Bt cotton in Pakistan. Cloning, GMOs.
Key Concepts
Recombinant DNA: Insert genes (insulin production). Fermentation: Yogurt, antibiotics. Ethics: Gene editing.
Solved Exercises & MCQs
Q: What is genetic engineering?
A: Manipulating genes to modify organisms, e.g., insulin-producing bacteria.
MCQ: Fermentation agent is: a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Algae d) Fungi
Ans: d) Fungi (yeast)
Chapter 18: Pharmacology
Drugs: Good (medicines) vs bad (narcotics). Aspirin for pain, antibiotics kill bacteria.
Key Concepts
Vaccines: Build immunity. Opioids: Addictive, like heroin. Regulations in Pakistan.
Solved Exercises & MCQs
Q: How do vaccines work?
A: Introduce weakened pathogen to stimulate antibody production without causing disease.
MCQ: Antibiotics kill: a) Viruses b) Bacteria c) Both d) None
Ans: b) Bacteria
❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: What boards do these notes cover?
A: All major: Punjab, FBISE, Sindh, KPK—same national syllabus.
Q: Are there solved exercises?
A: Yes, chapter-wise, matching papers.
Q: How to prepare for MCQs?
A: Practice daily; our notes have 20+ per chapter.
Q: Is the syllabus updated?
A: Absolutely, per National Curriculum.
Q: What is the role of alveoli in gaseous exchange?
A: Alveoli are the site where oxygen diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses out, due to their large surface area and thin walls.
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